Project Description

In my university days, I often came across scenarios where I needed to convert image files to PDF files and then merge all the PDF files together to submit my assignments. Now, you will find tons of online resources to convert images to PDFs and also merge PDFs. But the big question is – “Are they all safe?”

That is why I decided to take things into my hands and create a script that would not only convert my image files to PDFs but also merge those PDFs together. That is exactly what I will be demonstrating in this project.

So we will be performing a couple of tasks in this project –

• Convert all the images to PDF files.
• Merge all the converted PDF files into a single PDF file.

So, without further delay, let us dive into our project.

Step 1: Install and Import the Necessary Libraries

We will need to install a couple of libraries that will help us to complete our task. The first library is the PIL (Python Imaging Library) which is Python’s  de facto image processing package. To install it, open your terminal and type the following command:

pip install pillow

The next library that you need to install is known as PyPDF2. PyPDF2 is a free and open-source pure-python PDF library capable of splitting, merging, cropping, and transforming the pages of PDF files. It can also add custom data, viewing options, and passwords to PDF files. PyPDF2 can retrieve text and metadata from PDFs as well. To install it, open your terminal and type the following command:

pip install PyPDF2

Once you have installed the necessary libraries, go ahead and import them into your script. Note that you will also need to import the os module to open the required files from their respective paths.

Code:

import os

from PIL import Image

from PyPDF2 import PdfMerger

Step 2: Fetch the Path of the Source and Destination Directories

You need to fetch the path of the source folder where you have stored the images and also the path of the destination folder where you will save the PDF files.

Code:

img_dir = './image_files'

pdf_dir = './pdf_files'

In my case, I have created two different directories by the name ‘image_files‘ and ‘pdf_files‘ within my project folder and then stored them in two different variables which I will be using later on in my code.

Step 3: Converting Image to PDF

We are all set to create the image to PDF converter function that will convert an image into a PDF. The idea is to navigate the image folder with the help of the os.listdir method and grab all the image files within it. If an image file is located we open it up using the Image module of the PIL package.

You then have to specify the color profile of the PDF and you can mention that to be RGB. You can do this with the help of the convert function. Then you can directly save this converted RGB image to the destination folder in the PDF format using the save method. To save it as a PDF file you can pass the extension as .pdf as '{0}.pdf'.format(file.split('.')[-2]). That’s it. This should convert all the images in the images folder to individual PDF files.

Code:

def img_to_pdf_converter(): for file in os.listdir(img_dir): if file.split('.')[-1] in ('png', 'jpg', 'jpeg'): image = Image.open(os.path.join(img_dir, file)) coneverted_image = image.convert('RGB') coneverted_image.save(os.path.join(pdf_dir, '{0}.pdf'.format(file.split('.')[-2]))) print("PDF Created!")

Step 4: Merge the PDFs

Once you have all the PDF versions of the image files, you can then merge them using the PyPDF2 library. Go ahead and create an empty list that will store the names of all the PDFs that were created from the image files. Then create an instance of the PdfMerger class that resides with the PyPDF2 module.

Then navigate the PDF folder and fetch all the PDF files and merge them together using a for loop and within the for loop use the append method to merge them together. As simple as that!

Code:

def merger(): pdfs = [] merge = PdfMerger() for file in os.listdir(pdf_dir): pdfs.append(pdf_dir+"/"+file) for pdf in pdfs: merge.append(pdf) merge.write('merged_pdf.pdf') merge.close() print("PDFs Merged!")

Putting It All Together

We have successfully created both functions to convert images to PDFs and then merge them. All that remains to be done is to call these functions and your script should work like a charm.

Finally, when you put everything together, this is how the complete script looks like –

import os

img_dir = './image_files'

pdf_dir = './pdf_files' def img_to_pdf_converter(): from PIL import Image for file in os.listdir(img_dir): if file.split('.')[-1] in ('png', 'jpg', 'jpeg'): image = Image.open(os.path.join(img_dir, file)) coneverted_image = image.convert('RGB') coneverted_image.save(os.path.join(pdf_dir, '{0}.pdf'.format(file.split('.')[-2]))) print("PDF Created!") def merger(): pdfs = [] from PyPDF2 import PdfMerger merge = PdfMerger() for file in os.listdir(pdf_dir): pdfs.append(pdf_dir+"/"+file) for pdf in pdfs: merge.append(pdf) merge.write('merged_pdf.pdf') merge.close() print("PDFs Merged!") img_to_pdf_converter()

merger()

Conclusion

Woohoo!!! We have successfully completed our fun project, and now we do not need the aid of any third-party application to convert our images to PDFs or merge our PDFs. I hope this project added some value and helped you in your coding quest. Stay tuned and subscribe for more interesting projects and tutorials.

In this tutorial, we will see examples of using the Chartjs JavaScript library to create bar charts.

This quick example gives you the code to display a simple bar chart on the browser.

The below JavaScript code shows how to include and initiate the ChartJS library. It uses static data to set the bar chart labels and dataset in JavaScript.

Quick example – Simple bar chart example via ChartJS

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Chart JS Bar Chart Example</title>

<link rel='stylesheet' href='style.css' type='text/css' />

</head>

<body> <div class="phppot-container"> <h1>Chart JS Bar Chart Example</h1> <div> <canvas id="bar-chart"></canvas> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js@4.0.1/dist/chart.umd.min.js"></script> <script> // Bar chart new Chart(document.getElementById("bar-chart"), { type: 'bar', data: { labels: ["Elephant", "Horse", "Tiger", "Lion", "Jaguar"], datasets: [ { label: "Animals Count", backgroundColor: ["#51EAEA", "#FCDDB0", "#FF9D76", "#FB3569", "#82CD47"], data: [478, 267, 829, 1732, 1213] } ] }, options: { legend: { display: false }, title: { display: true, text: 'Chart JS Bar Chart Example' } } }); </script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

This example sets the chart parameters to the ChartJS data and the options array and displays the following bar chat to the browser.

This is a very easy client-side solution to display professional graphical representation in the form of a bar chart.

You can simply use this code in your project by tweaking the data points slightly.

Example 2: Horizontal bar chart

This library supports creating both vertical and horizontal bar charts. But, the default is the vertical bar chart.

In this example, it creates a horizontal bar chart using the ChartJS plugin.

For the vertical or horizontal bar charts, the direction depends on the indexAxis option.

This example sets indexAxis=’y’ to display the bars horizontally.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Chart JS Horizontal Bar Chart Example</title>

<link rel='stylesheet' href='style.css' type='text/css' />

</head>

<body> <div class="phppot-container"> <h1>Chart JS Horizontal Bar Chart Example</h1> <div> <canvas id="horizontal-bar-chart"></canvas> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js@4.0.1/dist/chart.umd.min.js"></script> <script> new Chart(document.getElementById("horizontal-bar-chart"), { type: 'bar', data: { labels: ["Elephant", "Horse", "Tiger", "Lion", "Jaguar"], datasets: [{ label: "Animals count", backgroundColor: ["#51EAEA", "#FCDDB0", "#FF9D76", "#FB3569", "#82CD47" ], data: [478, 267, 829, 1732, 1213] }] }, options: { indexAxis: 'y', legend: { display: false }, title: { display: true, text: 'Chart JS Horizontal Bar Chart Example' } } }); </script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

This output screenshot plots the bar chart data index on the ‘y’ axis and has the readings on the ‘x-axis.

Previously, we used this JS library to create a pie chart using this ChartJS library. But, it is not supporting to display of 3D pie charts. See the linked article that uses Google charts for creating the 3D pie chart.

Example 3: Grouped bar chart

Grouped bar charts are useful for showing a comparative reading.

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Chart JS Grouped Bar Chart Example</title>

<link rel='stylesheet' href='style.css' type='text/css' />

</head>

<body> <div class="phppot-container"> <h1>Chart JS Grouped Bar Chart Example</h1> <div> <canvas id="bar-chart"></canvas> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/chart.js@4.0.1/dist/chart.umd.min.js"></script> <script> new Chart(document.getElementById("bar-chart"), { type: 'bar', data: { labels: ["900", "950", "999", "1050"], datasets: [{ label: "Lion", backgroundColor: "#FF9D76", data: [234, 345, 567, 568] }, { label: "Tiger", backgroundColor: "#51EAEA", data: [233, 566, 234, 766] }] }, options: { legend: { display: false }, title: { display: true, text: 'Chart JS Grouped Bar Chart Example' } } }); </script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

It displays the record of two animals’ counts at a particular point. This will help compare the readings of two or more indexes.

ChartJS type parameter

ChartJS is a dependable JS library to create and display graphs on a webpage.

In a previous tutorial, we have seen how to create a line chart using this ChartJS library.

Also, it supports generating more types of charts. The type parameter is used to define the type of the chart.

The dataset and the options definition may vary based on the type of chart.
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I host multiple websites such as

• https://finxter.com,
• https://blog.finxter.com, and
• https://pythononeliners.com.

Many of them use caching services to speed up the loading time for visitors worldwide. Consequently, when I do change a website, the change does often not appear immediately on the site (because the stale cached site is served up).

The Project

To ensure that my website is up-to-date, I wrote a simple Python script that helps me regularly check my website every few seconds to see if a certain word appears there.

Because I thought many people will probably have the same problem, I’ll share this code here. So, let’s get started!

Project Challenge: How to write a Python script that reads content from a website every x seconds and checks if a specific word appears there?

The Code

I used the following code to accomplish this easily and quickly. You can copy&paste it, just make sure to adjust the highlighted url, word, and x variables to your need:

import requests

import time url = 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_partition'

word = 'finxter'

x = 60 # seconds between two requests # Repeat forever

while True: # Get the content from the website r = requests.get(url) # Check if word is on website if word in r.text: print("The word appears on the website") else: print("The word does not appear on the website") # Do nothing for some time (e.g., 60 seconds) to avoid spam requests time.sleep(x)

In this case, I check the Wikipedia page on Graph Partitioning if the keyword 'finxter' appears there. If you need to check another word on another URL, just change the variables accordingly.

Code Explanation

This code snippet uses the Python requests library to read from a website every two seconds and check if a certain word appears there.

You use the requests library to issue an HTTP request to the specified website and save the response in the variable r.

Recommended: Python Request Library – Understanding get()

Then you check if the word appears in the response text using r.text.

• If it does, it prints the message "The word appears on the website" and
• If it does not, it prints the message "The word does not appear on the website".

Finally, the code pauses for two (or x!) seconds before making another request. This process is repeated continuously to ensure that the website is checked regularly.

You can stop the code by hitting CTRL+C.

Recommended: How to Stop a Python Script?